ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

…opening – namely the foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into…

…opening – namely the foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart rhythm will be discussed…

…Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to be activated rapidly and sequentially…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death in…

…treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism. Their landmark studies proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization…

…of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into…

…stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise, etc…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…B: Heart rates of ≥30 beats/min are considered normal in highly trained athletes in the absence of symptoms. C: Sinus bradycardia should persist with…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation Principles of cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiography (ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be activated…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Physiology and ECG features of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

…bifurcated ACS into STEMI and NSTE ACS pathways. However, the 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and 2025 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation A systematic approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to…

…are conducted all the way to the skin, because the tissues and fluids surrounding the heart, indeed the entire human body, act as electrical conductors…

…reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension…

…Propagation of the action potential is possible because all cardiac cells are electrically interconnected by gap junctions (Figure 1) . Gap junctions are protein channels that…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Drug eluting stents (DES) are the predominant device used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They evolved from balloon angioplasty and…

…the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV…

…in Introduction to Exercise ECG. The most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…on AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation