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Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the test must be formally trained to assess cardiovascular response, symptoms, and ECG changes. Although the risk of…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…segment starts. The T wave The T wave reflects the rapid repolarization (recovery) of the myocardium and T wave changes occur in numerous conditions. T…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right…

Introduction to cardiac arrest

…regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging methods…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in the very early phase of myocardial ischemia. Hyperacute T waves are broad based, high and symmetric…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

…elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] …

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…Elsevier 2010 ). At the time of J 60 and J 80, there is minimal chance that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium…

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