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Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…of the QRS complex is called the PR segment. The PR segment is the baseline (also referred to as reference line or isoelectric line ) of…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

Introduction to cardiac arrest

…follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging methods…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

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