…of the QRS complex is called the PR segment. The PR segment is the baseline (also referred to as reference line or isoelectric line ) of…

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

…follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging methods…

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

…enabling depolarization and repolarization, and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across the cells. Electrical potential differences arise as the electrical…

…nurses, biomedical analysts, or other professionals. A physician is always formally responsible for conducting the test. All personnel must be appropriately trained and the laboratory…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena…

…this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena…

…this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart…

…safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium batteries…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

…The New England Journal of Medicine, 1812. Remarks on Angina Pectoris by John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Principles of cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiography (ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Physiology and ECG features of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts…

…or underlying channelopathies (e.g., Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart…

…can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only…

…aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…Note that narrow complex tachyarrhythmia rarely causes circulatory compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…of pacemaker cells The automaticity of the cells in the sinoatrial node is explained by the fact that these cells start leaking sodium (Na + ) into…

…polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of…

…I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The…

…on AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation