…and heart rate response, as well as assess limiting determinants of exercise capacity. These parameters offer diagnostic and prognostic information which can only be obtained…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…leads, as the diagnosis can often be established by examining fewer leads. On the other hand, for the purpose of diagnosing morphological changes (e.g…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

…follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…the baseline, regardless of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

…in Introduction to Exercise ECG. The most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. It is important…

…circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta. It is important…

…learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart rhythm will be discussed…

…filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles begin contracting. To coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an intrinsic pacemaker–i…

…heart failure die suddenly, as a result of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation). Early diagnosis and aggressive management can prolong survival, improve quality of…

…of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Principles of cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiography (ECG) To ensure effective cardiac pumping function, the atria and the ventricles must be…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Physiology and ECG features of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts…

…of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

…bifurcated ACS into STEMI and NSTE ACS pathways. However, the 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and 2025 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation A systematic approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to…

…reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension…

…K + ) channels open which results in cell repolarization. The cycle then repeats itself ( Figure 1 ). Note that the leakage of sodium during the resting phase…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Drug eluting stents (DES) are the predominant device used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They evolved from balloon angioplasty and…

…the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV…

…on AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation