…limiting determinants of exercise capacity. These parameters offer diagnostic and prognostic information which can only be obtained during physical exercise. Independent of other traditional risk…

…elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] …

…leads, as the diagnosis can often be established by examining fewer leads. On the other hand, for the purpose of diagnosing morphological changes (e.g…

…segment starts. The T wave The T wave reflects the rapid repolarization (recovery) of the myocardium and T wave changes occur in numerous conditions. T…

…in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right…

…in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right…

…regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in the very early phase of myocardial ischemia. Hyperacute T waves are broad based, high and symmetric…

…Elsevier 2010 ). At the time of J 60 and J 80, there is minimal chance that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium…

…defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the test must be formally trained to assess cardiovascular response, symptoms, and ECG changes. Although the risk of…

…and there is always variation between the leads. Some leads may display all waves, whereas others might only display one of the waves. Regardless of…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation ECG Interpretation: definitions, criteria, and characteristics of the normal ECG waves, intervals, durations and rhythm This is arguably one of…

…volumes of blood before the ventricles begin contracting. To coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an intrinsic pacemaker–i.e. the sinus node–and…

…ventricular fibrillation). Early diagnosis and aggressive management can prolong survival, improve quality of life, reduce hospitalizations, and reduce the risk of sudden death. According to…

…it bulges into the artery lumen and causes stenosis (reduction of the artery lumen). The reduction of the artery lumen causes limitations to the blood…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…to distinguish between two main types of cardiac cells: Conduction cells form the fiber networks that sprout into the myocardium and disseminate the action potential…

…to pump blood into the right ventricle. Right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy) leads to stronger electrical currents and thus enhancement of the contribution of the right…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the T wave. PR interval 0,22…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…The depolarization spreads from the sinoatrial node to the atrial and ventricular myocardium. Propagation of the action potential is possible because all cardiac cells are…

…consists of: A balloon expandable metallic scaffold A durable or resorbable polymer coating An antiproliferative drug The drug is delivered from the stent surface and…

…bundle branches. This type of first degree AV block often progresses to third degree (complete) AV block, and therefore necessitates an artificial pacemaker. Blocks located…

…1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this: whenever there are varying PR intervals, the diagnosis…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation