…refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV block, as it does not represent…

…resistance in the pulmonary artery is high), whereas resistance in the systemic circulation (and thus the aorta) is relatively low. Figure 2. The fetal circulation…

…resistance in the pulmonary artery is high), whereas resistance in the systemic circulation (and thus the aorta) is relatively low. Figure 2. The fetal circulation…

…dysfunction in the conduction system. The J point and the ST segment The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase (phase 2) of the action

…is often ambiguous. Since the risk of attempting CPR is extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often…

…ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which is due to the low sensitivity of the method …

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels open so that calcium flows into the cell and causes depolarization. Subsequently, outward directed potassium (K + ) channels open which results in…

…90% of prevalent hypertension. Hypertension has a major population attributable contribution to chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of…

…as low as 0.4–0.5% at 1 year and below 1% at 5 years. Stent thrombosis remains clinically important because interruption of antiplatelet…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

…Figure 2. The direction of the QRS complex. Axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

…a wave front in water. Figure 2 shows the appearance of the action potential in contractile myocardial cells. Figure 2. The cardiac action potential in…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

…of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…from one cell to the next using this route. Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of the myocardial syncytium. Note the branched cell structure and the connections…

…wave throughout. Figure 2 (above) does not show that the P wave in lead II might actually be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis [2] Causes of Left Axis Deviation: Left ventricular hypertrophy [11] Left heart disease…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

…repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does not…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ECG leads Before discussing the ECG leads and various lead systems, we need to clarify the difference between ECG…

…the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications have been discussed in Introduction to Exercise…

…difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this: whenever there…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation