…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis [2] Causes of Left Axis Deviation: Left ventricular hypertrophy [11] Left heart disease…

…refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV block, as it does not represent…

…difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this: whenever there…

…in the pulmonary circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta…

…in the pulmonary circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta…

…is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves. These…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…and the cell depolarizes. At –40 mV voltage gated calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels open so that calcium flows into the cell and causes depolarization. Subsequently…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Drug eluting stents (DES) are the predominant device used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They evolved from balloon angioplasty and…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

…Figure 2. The direction of the QRS complex. Axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

…dysfunction in the conduction system. The J point and the ST segment The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase (phase 2) of the action

…a wave front in water. Figure 2 shows the appearance of the action potential in contractile myocardial cells. Figure 2. The cardiac action potential in…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…coronary care unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit)…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

ECG Exercise stress test Introduction to exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…from one cell to the next using this route. Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of the myocardial syncytium. Note the branched cell structure and the connections…

…wave throughout. Figure 2 (above) does not show that the P wave in lead II might actually be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

…repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does not…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ECG leads Before discussing the ECG leads and various lead systems, we need to clarify the difference between ECG…

…the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications have been discussed in Introduction to Exercise…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation