…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis [2] Causes of Left Axis Deviation: Left ventricular hypertrophy [11] Left heart disease…

…refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV block, as it does not represent…

…difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this: whenever there…

…in the pulmonary circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta…

…in the pulmonary circulation is high, the majority of the blood entering the pulmonary artery will be shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta…

…is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…