…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Video lecture: The ECG curve: P wave, PR Interval, Q wave, R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T…

…as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood…

…as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood…

…Figure 2. The direction of the QRS complex. Axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…dysfunction in the conduction system. The J point and the ST segment The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase (phase 2) of the action

…a wave front in water. Figure 2 shows the appearance of the action potential in contractile myocardial cells. Figure 2. The cardiac action potential in…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

…by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix…

ECG Exercise stress test Introduction to exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…from one cell to the next using this route. Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of the myocardial syncytium. Note the branched cell structure and the connections…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Physiology and ECG features of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

…Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis [2] Causes of Left Axis Deviation: Left ventricular hypertrophy [11] Left heart disease…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the…

…2) P wave precedes every QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The ECG leads Before discussing the ECG leads and various lead systems, we need to clarify the difference between ECG…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…and the cell depolarizes. At –40 mV voltage gated calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels open so that calcium flows into the cell and causes depolarization. Subsequently…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Drug eluting stents (DES) are the predominant device used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They evolved from balloon angioplasty and…

…the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV…

…the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications have been discussed in Introduction to Exercise…

…difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of thumb can be applied to do this: whenever there…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation