…segment starts. The T wave The T wave reflects the rapid repolarization (recovery) of the myocardium and T wave changes occur in numerous conditions. T…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

…Figure 1. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If…

…Figure 38. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If…

…potential to contractile cells. The subsequent spread of the action potential occur from one contractile cell to another, starting in the endocardium and heading towards…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation ECG Interpretation: definitions, criteria, and characteristics of the normal ECG waves, intervals, durations and rhythm This is arguably one of…

…depolarization of the membrane potential. Cardiac electromechanical coupling Depolarization activates the myocardial cells and induces cellular processes that lead to cell contraction. The spread of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden…

…the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome…

…persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, lipids and acellular debris…

…stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions (blood pressure, heart rate) during and after exercise, etc…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…main types of cardiac cells: Conduction cells form the fiber networks that sprout into the myocardium and disseminate the action potential. These cells have virtually…

…to pump blood into the right ventricle. Right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy) leads to stronger electrical currents and thus enhancement of the contribution of the right…

…must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in the very early phase of myocardial ischemia. Hyperacute T waves are broad based, high and symmetric…

…elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] …

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…ischemia and infarction Introduction Clinical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) requires integration of symptoms, cardiovascular risk, coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…Displacement of the ST segment is of fundamental importance, particularly in acute myocardial ischemia. Because myocardial ischemia affects a limited area and disturbs the cells…

…retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the T wave. PR interval 0,22…

…flow across cell membranes, enabling depolarization and repolarization, and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across the cells. Electrical potential differences…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…The action potential in the sinoatrial node and in contractile myocardial cells. Phase 4 of the action potential in the sinoatrial node is called "pacemaker…

…consists of: A balloon expandable metallic scaffold A durable or resorbable polymer coating An antiproliferative drug The drug is delivered from the stent surface and…

…bundle branches. This type of first degree AV block often progresses to third degree (complete) AV block, and therefore necessitates an artificial pacemaker. Blocks located…

…contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test…

…on AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation