ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

…and the start of the QRS complex is called the PR segment. The PR segment is the baseline (also referred to as reference line or…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

…foramen ovale – between the right and left atrium. Most of the blood in the right atrium flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium…

…Figure 1. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If…

…Figure 38. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R and…

…this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart…

…volumes of blood before the ventricles begin contracting. To coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an intrinsic pacemaker–i.e. the sinus node–and…

…facilitates ECG interpretation (e.g. interpretation of myocardial ischemia and electrical axis). All modern ECG machines can present either aVR or –aVR; we recommend that …

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w

…the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome…

…it bulges into the artery lumen and causes stenosis (reduction of the artery lumen). The reduction of the artery lumen causes limitations to the blood…

…during and after exercise, etc. Exercise stress testing may also be referred to as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…Sinus rhythm should resume and bradycardia should resolve with the onset of physical activity. Profound sinus bradycardia (<30 beats/min or sinus pauses ≥3 s…

…to distinguish between two main types of cardiac cells: Conduction cells form the fiber networks that sprout into the myocardium and disseminate the action potential…

…to pump blood into the right ventricle. Right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy) leads to stronger electrical currents and thus enhancement of the contribution of the right…

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

…elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] …

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only…

…aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Lathundar The Cardiac Electrical Axis: Definition, Clinical Implications, and Deviations Definition and Mechanism of the Electrical Axis The heart's…

…ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards…

…compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and it…

…and calcium (Ca2+). These ions flow across cell membranes, enabling depolarization and repolarization, and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…membranes of adjacent cells and enable the flow of ions between cells. This means that the action potential spreads from one cell to another via…

…consists of: A balloon expandable metallic scaffold A durable or resorbable polymer coating An antiproliferative drug The drug is delivered from the stent surface and…

…I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts of AV blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). The…

…1 month Preparations for exercise stress testing The laboratory and personnel Exercise stress testing may be conducted by physicians, nurses, biomedical analysts, or other professionals…

…This condition is further categorized into two distinct subtypes: type 1 (also known as Mobitz type 1 or Wenckebach block) and type 2 (referred to…

ECG Video lecture: Introduction to Electrocardiology and ECG Interpretation