…of the QRS complex is called the PR segment. The PR segment is the baseline (also referred to as reference line or isoelectric line ) of…

…this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena…

…this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis) Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart…

…safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium batteries…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w