…This is due to the fact that the left ventricle pumps against greater resistance and any disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of…

…appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis…

…to the endocardium, again, in its final third. The right bundle branch does not give off any Purkinje fibers during its course through the interventricular…

…elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the…

…produce a normal QRS complex (provided that intraventricular conduction is normal). A premature atrial contraction induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR…

…P wave, but the QRS complex is normal (provided that intraventricular conduction is normal). This rhythm may be referred to as atrial rhythm . Cells near…

…be −30° to 90°. Normal values and differential diagnoses Prolonged QRS duration: left bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block. Non specific intraventricular conduction delay…

…in older patients and those exhibiting a bundle branch block (BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to hemodynamic instability…

…takes longer to depolarize the large ventricular mass. It does not, however, reach 0.12 s (such significant prolongation is due to intraventricular conduction defects…

…nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common tachyarrhythmia observed across all age groups, from children to the elderly, and frequently occurs in otherwise healthy individuals…

…common rhythm arising in the AV node is junctional rhythm , which may also be referred to as junctional escape rhythm . Junctional tachycardia is less common…

Cardiology Pulmonary embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize to the pulmonary artery or its branches. In the majority of cases, the thrombus is formed in…

…is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart, this can lead to thickening of the pulmonary valve…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…death. The volume required to produce tamponade depends principally on the rate of accumulation and the compliance of the pericardium. Rapid accumulation may cause tamponade…

…median or centroseptal fascicle – which gives off Purkinje fibers to the interventricular septum. Fascicular blocks occur due to anatomical or functional blocks in a fascicle…

…called parasternal long axis view (PLAX). Structures that are closest to the transducer are placed at the top of the image. RV = right ventricle…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…may involve the ventricular free wall, interventricular septum, or mitral valve apparatus. These lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade…

…Figure 7 is not discussed here as it belongs to atrial activity. The second vector: the ventricular (interventricular) septum The ventricular septum receives Purkinje fibers…

…thirds of the interventricular septum (this area is referred to as anteroseptal area ). The LAD supplies the large anteriosuperior wall (often referred to as the…