…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression…

…extent and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle…

…endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is a highly trabeculated…

…metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap, leading to structural failure. Rupture exposes highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix components, notably tissue factor and collagen…

…sample and send a venous plasma glucose, but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags…

…reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary…

…producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] . This matrix forms a fibrous cap that sequesters…

…of its high blood flow and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium…