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Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities produce breathlessness, orthopnea, weight gain, peripheral edema, early satiety, abdominal distension and, in some patients, bendopnea…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression, exacerbating myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…worsen microvascular obstruction, while cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial oedema and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe form, termed no reflow, structural and functional…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the interstitial collagen of the cap…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…repeat the sample and send a venous plasma glucose, but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…Within the intima, SMCs undergo a phenotypic switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with…

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