…transmural dispersion of repolarisation, thereby facilitating reentry. Episodes of TdP are frequently pause dependent, initiated by either a slowing of the heart rate or a…

…AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF…

…VT/VF storm (electrical storm) ≥3 episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT)…

…VT/VF storm (electrical storm) ≥3 episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT)…

…the emergency medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients…

…hazards. For example, high HDL cholesterol levels appears to be beneficial, whereas triglyceride levels seem to be of little or no importance for atherosclerosis. When…

…All 3 examinations are recommended for medical professionals. Evaluation of skin color is not necessary to confirm cardiac arrest. Skin color is pale or cyanotic…

…NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and risk benefit balance determine whether treatment is initiated…

…high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation). • Immediate combination with ezetimibe can be considered if LDL C 3.5 mmol/L, possibly initiated during hospitalization…

…of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four drinks for women or five for…

…elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]…

…of normal cardiac output, which postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of…

…should be observed for an additional 15 minutes after the completion of the infusion. The initiated infusion should always be completed (regardless of whether conversion…

…may occur relatively soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials…

…primary care personnel and home visits may reduce rehospitalization for recurrent ischaemia and infarction. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Cardiac rehabilitation is initiated in patients recovering…

…pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase the likelihood of ACS include: Sudden symptoms at rest or…

…from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care. In adults with elevated blood pressure…

…or moderate intensity statins should have treatment intensified. The 2025 ACS guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients with ACS. Addition of…

…treat (NNT) for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest…

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w

…These disruptions may initiate or complicate the haematoma. IMH most frequently involves the descending thoracic aorta, which is affected in approximately 60%–70% of cases…

…within all apoB containing particles. ApoB estimates the number of atherogenic particles. For most individuals in whom these measurements are concordant, their clinical utility is…

…of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may initiate or…

…B. Every effort should be made to initiate and up titrate beta blocker therapy to guideline recommended or maximally tolerated doses before ivabradine is considered…

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies directed against cardiac tissue, the latent interval of several…

…factor is identifiable in up to one half of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness…

… timely oxygenation can potentially prevent circulatory collapse. Initiate an intravenous bolus of 500 ml crystalloid solution . Assess the esponse and repeat administration as clinically indicated…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia…

…their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness…

…initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of…

…essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or is removed by means of dialysis…