…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Dosing Amiodarone exhibits highly variable and complex pharmacokinetics that profoundly influence its dosing strategies. The drug…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency…

…CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…Gender encompasses sociocultural roles, behaviours, relationships, power structures and social expectations. Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease…

…dietary fat and statins Popular blogs and media reach out to billions of individuals worldwide. They exert enormous influence over their visitors daily lives. However…

…multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis…

…occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Imaging can therefore influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification…

…clinical manifestations that indicate particularly high risk and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF) [4] . These macrophages express scavenger…

…with inotropic and vasopressor effects, and they often need to be combined in order to optimise or correct the haemodynamics. Most agents exert both vasopressor…

…typical circuits occurring in diseased atria—most frequently following surgery or extensive ablation, or under the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs—can produce atypical ECG patterns…

…of precipitating or aggravating conditions. The likely underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease…

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether medication is added to lifestyle intervention. Initial monotherapy may be appropriate…

…hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt…

…adults Previous sternotomy or CABG Patient preferences and expectations Frailty and liver cirrhosis are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence the choice between…

…by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate risk or close to a treatment threshold, when risk refinement may influence management. A single measurement is…

…body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference…

…resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness…

…air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax…

…and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation…

…6°C (97.7 99.7°F). It arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory…

…and unstable angina. Although ECG changes in NSTEMI and unstable angina have been discussed previously (refer to Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Ischemia and…