…arrest due to asphyxia, the probability of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is high but survival is very low, as is the proportion surviving with…

…That study spread like a virus through social media and it is likely that it may have resulted in increased mortality due to stopping statins…

…Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold sweat, nausea, etc – are also common in NSTEMI and unstable angina (please refer to Approach to Patients with Chest…

…safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed promptly following needle decompression. Thoracostomy with drainage typically serves as…

…Oral doses sufficient to control arrhythmias do not depress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), even in patients with reduced LVEF. However, due to its antiadrenergic…

…Due to a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving…

…is also fundamental to global cardiac function. Diastolic dysfunction results in a special type of heart failure, referred to as heart failure with preserved ejection…

…primarily consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and…

…secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling…

…are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…Virtual histology IVUS has also been used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies…

…high risk and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from ongoing…

…complexes are not preceded by P waves because the ectopic impulse originates in the ventricles and does not influence the atria (with exceptions discussed below)…

…has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic…

…operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview…

…Typical flutter is closely related to atrial fibrillation (AF) in clinical practice. Both arrhythmias are associated with similar clinical settings and frequently coexist in the…

…may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to…

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

…distal coronary pressure is proportional to maximum achievable myocardial perfusion. A pressure reduction across an epicardial stenosis therefore identifies a limitation in potential hyperaemic flow…

…adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single…

…not a neprilysin substrate, it remains more closely related to the clinical state during treatment with an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor. Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides…

…cirrhosis are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence the choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main…

…Lp(a) concentration is predominantly genetically determined, with heritability estimated at approximately 85% to more than 90%. Levels vary among ethnic groups and generally remain…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad spectrum antibiotics in accordance with local clinical guidelines, ensuring timely initiation to optimize…