…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…That study spread like a virus through social media and it is likely that it may have resulted in increased mortality due to stopping statins…

…referred to as transmural ischemia). Yet, the pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…patients with left ventricular dysfunction, though those with depressed ejection fraction should receive it with great caution due to the risk of hypotension. Peripheral IV

…Due to a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure, venous return, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency…

…CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a…

…with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care…

…are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology, identify occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Imaging can therefore influence…

…high risk and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from ongoing…

…Refer to Figure 2 . Figure 2. The complete compensatory pause following a premature ventricular contraction. Classification of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on…

…to a complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other…

…and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes…

…form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in…

…may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to…

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

…distal coronary pressure is proportional to maximum achievable myocardial perfusion. A pressure reduction across an epicardial stenosis therefore identifies a limitation in potential hyperaemic flow…

…risk influence whether medication is added to lifestyle intervention. Initial monotherapy may be appropriate when blood pressure is close to target and is likely to…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

…are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence the choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease…

…by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate risk or close to a treatment threshold, when risk refinement may influence management. A single measurement is…

…mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…