…CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization…

…despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography…

…collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the underlying problem is…

…aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions, small vessels, multivessel disease, bifurcation lesions, treatment of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition…

…total occlusion is an important predictor of incomplete anatomical revascularization with PCI. PCI of chronic total occlusion lesions may improve angina and quality of life…

…with intermediate lesions that do not produce physiologically significant flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular…

…both Red flags and pitfalls A respiratory rate < 8/min, or an increasing level of sedation , are signs of overdose. Sedation precedes respiratory depression…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…reconsider the pain mechanism instead of continuing to increase the dose. The level of sedation is scored on a four point scale: 0 fully awake…