…incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is a common cause of chronotropic incompetence. Definition of chronotropic incompetence…

…means that the automaticity is diminished). Chronotropic incompetence (inability of the sinoatrial node to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause…

…to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…