…to distinguish three types of sinus tachycardia. These types differ fundamentally in terms of pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. The types of sinus tachycardia are as…

…junctional tachycardia. These tachyarrhythmias arise in the atria and are very rarely life threatening. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥ 0.12…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia :…

…intima, differentiate into macrophages and participate in a sustained inflammatory response. Lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and immune activation progressively alter the local vascular environment. The…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…result in clinically important pauses. In an ICD patient, EMI may be interpreted as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…sinus rhythm and resting heart rate 75 beats/min, based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia…

…prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that increase blood pressure; or…

…are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders…

…outside these boundaries, which may lead to undersensing of true intrinsic activity and thus inappropriate pacemaker activity. As discussed in the previous chapter, the delivery…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia :…

…has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in T2DM. Cardiovascular benefit depends substantially on comprehensive risk factor management and, in appropriate patients…

…acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or the ECG is normal or…

…Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…T changes on ECG. In summary, left bundle branch block (LBBB) can result from, mimic, or obscure acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, creating significant diagnostic…