…derivative The first-line NSAID in Sweden and the one with the least cardiovascular risk at a low dose. A short half-life of around…

Fosamax Alendronat Sandoz Fosavance Aminobisphosphonate First-line agent for osteoporosis and the best-documented fracture-preventing treatment in primary care. Efficacy for vertebral and hip…

…Braun Calcium salt for intravenous membrane stabilisation and calcium supplementation First-line intervention in hyperkalaemia with ECG changes: calcium restores the margin between resting membrane…

…receptor antagonist (vagolytic) First-line treatment for symptomatic bradycardia, but only when the bradycardia is vagally mediated or located in the sinus node or AV…

…transporter in the loop of Henle. The dose–response relationship is a threshold curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal…

…Teva Second-generation H₁-antihistamine First-line treatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and chronic urticaria — one tablet daily, available without prescription, with good effect on itching…

…carbohydrate solution for acute hypoglycaemia The first-line treatment for severe hypoglycaemia in a patient who cannot swallow and in whom intravenous access is available…

…Haemophilus influenzae in addition to pneumococci — and it is that difference from phenoxymethylpenicillin that determines its use. Amoxicillin is therefore not first-line for uncomplicated…

…vasodilator with no effect on the venous circulation. The rapid afterload reduction triggers reflex sympathetic activation, making the drug unsuitable as first-line treatment in…

Lipitor Atorvastatin Krka HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor High-intensity statin with a long half-life, allowing it to be taken at any time of day…

…esterases in blood and tissue — the half-life is 5 minutes and the effect can be steered minute by minute. Selective for smooth muscle in…

…20 minutes and a duration of 3–5 hours; intravenously the half-life is a few minutes, which makes the infusion fully controllable but also…

…like verapamil but with less negative inotropy and more vasodilation, and causes less constipation. The cardiac oral formulations were withdrawn from the Swedish market in…

…With a half-life of 9 minutes and the effect gone 20–30 minutes after the infusion ends, it is useful in patients where beta…

…ketamine the first choice for induction in the bleeding, septic, or otherwise preload-dependent patient, and the bronchodilation makes it valuable in life-threatening asthma…

…blocker for oral and intravenous use with properties from classes I–IV. Extensive tissue distribution and a half-life measured in weeks — initiation and discontinuation…

…channel blocker to use: once-daily dosing, a half-life of almost two days, and no dose adjustment in renal impairment. Unlike verapamil and diltiazem…

…most β₁-selective of the routinely used beta-blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and…

…Accord Diazepam Renaudin Long-acting benzodiazepine with active metabolite The benzodiazepine with two faces. As a single dose in seizures it is fast and reliable…

…and a long half-life make once-daily dosing possible. It is the standard choice in pneumonia in penicillin-allergic patients and in atypical pneumonia…

…half-life is one to two hours, the effect can be measured in real time with APTT, and it can be neutralised completely with protamine…

…in a central vein up to 20 mmol per hour, and at most 40 mmol per hour in life-threatening hypokalaemia under continuous ECG monitoring…

…maintenance-and-reliever therapy in the same inhaler. The two regimens must never be confused — this is the most common prescribing error with this drug.

…rhythm: in atrial fibrillation the rate control sits in the AV node and ivabradine is ineffective. Its place in treatment is the symptomatic patient with…

Salures Bendroflumetiazid Evolan Thiazide diuretic Inhibits the Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter in the distal tubule and is the most commonly used thiazide diuretic for hypertension. The…

Fragmin Low molecular weight heparin The workhorse anticoagulant in hospital practice: subcutaneous dosing once daily, predictable effect, and no need for routine monitoring, allowing home…

…ACE inhibitor Prodrug hydrolysed to enalaprilat. Reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing is more often…

…Irreversible COX-1 inhibitor Irreversibly acetylates COX-1, eliminating thromboxane synthesis in platelets for their entire lifespan. This is why a low once-daily dose…

Tambocor Class IC antiarrhythmic A potent sodium channel blocker with marked efficacy on atrial arrhythmias in structurally normal hearts. The CAST trial showed increased mortality…

…butyrophenone) The most widely used dopamine antagonist in acute agitation and delirium in Swedish emergency departments and wards, with rapid onset and minimal anticholinergic burden…

Solu-Cortef Hydrokortison Takeda Plenadren Alkindi Nature-identical glucocorticoid with mineralocorticoid effect Endogenous cortisol in pharmaceutical form and accordingly the first choice when the intention…

…Amitriptylin Orifarm Tricyclic antidepressant A tricyclic antidepressant that is rarely used for depression in contemporary practice — its role today is neuropathic pain and prophylaxis for…

…seen already at doses below 100 mg/day and with short treatment duration. Oral diclofenac therefore requires a prescription in Sweden since 1 June 2020…

…heart failure events regardless of ejection fraction in EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, and slowed renal function decline down to eGFR 20 in EMPA-KIDNEY…

…The active metabolite of enalapril, given directly intravenously. Rarely used in hypertensive crisis: onset is slow, duration 8–24 hours, and the effect varies widely…

…unavailable — the effect arrives within ten minutes through hepatic glycogenolysis. In beta-blocker intoxication, glucagon is instead an inotrope that bypasses the blocked beta receptor…

…substantially between indications — tonsillitis and acute otitis media are treated with different doses and durations, and this is a common source of error in practice.

…cardiac arrest treatment. The most clinically dangerous property is not pharmacological but practical: two concentrations with a tenfold difference are used in the same setting.

…suitable in cerebral oedema and cord compression where sodium retention is undesirable. The effect is not immediate — it requires hours and never replaces adrenaline in…

…hence the even effect over 24 hours with once-daily dosing. The ARB that together with valsartan has documented mortality benefit in heart failure (CHARM)…

…thrombin and the only one with a specific, rapidly acting antidote — idarucizumab achieves complete reversal within minutes, which weighs heavily in patients who may need…

…benefit with preserved and mildly reduced EF, and DAPA-CKD demonstrated slowed renal function decline and reduced mortality in chronic kidney disease with albuminuria, with…

…for four entirely different indications with doses differing up to a hundredfold — antidiuretic substitution in central diabetes insipidus, symptom relief in nocturia and nocturnal enuresis…

…effect with marked β₂ effect means that stroke volume increases while systemic vascular resistance falls at low doses — good in the cold, hypoperfused patient with…

…alpha or beta effects, with onset within minutes and duration under one hour — theoretically attractive in hypertensive crisis with renal involvement, but without documented hard…

…α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels — but with a critical difference in kinetics: absorption occurs via a saturable amino acid transporter in the gut…

…Fab fragment Monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatran with approximately 300 times higher affinity than dabigatran binds to thrombin — in practice it never lets go…

…meals and overnight, with a largely flat profile over 24 hours and therefore a lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia than NPH insulin. It is titrated…

…at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for patients over 65 years. In the elderly, hyponatraemia is the adverse effect most often causing discontinuation.

…but not pressure. Used where rate itself is the problem: bradycardia while awaiting pacing, bradycardia-dependent torsades de pointes, and electrical storm in Brugada syndrome.

…eftersom både biverkningsbörda och hämning av den egna kortisolaxeln är en funktion av kumulativ dos och tid. Bestäm utsättningsplanen redan när du sätter in preparatet.

…icke-bensodiazepin" säger något om molekylen, inget om risken. Den ska sättas in mot en definierad, tidsbegränsad sömnstörning med en planerad slutpunkt, inte som underhållsbehandling.