…no need for routine monitoring, allowing home administration. The difference between the prophylactic dose and the therapeutic dose is fourfold and is expressed in IU…

Symbicort Turbuhaler Bufomix Easyhaler DuoResp Spiromax Inhaled corticosteroid in fixed combination with long-acting β₂-agonist Formoterol is the only long-acting β₂-agonist with…

Procoralan Ivabradine Accord Selective If-channel inhibitor in the sinus node The only drug that reduces heart rate without affecting contractility, blood pressure, or conduction…

…cotransporter in the distal tubule and is the most commonly used thiazide diuretic for hypertension. The key point is that the dose–response curve for…

…mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing is more often than adverse effects the reason for absent…

…transporter in the loop of Henle. The dose–response relationship is a threshold curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal…

…thromboxane synthesis in platelets for their entire lifespan. This is why a low once-daily dose is sufficient, and why the effect persists for 7…

…atrial arrhythmias in structurally normal hearts. The CAST trial showed increased mortality after myocardial infarction — that boundary remains the most important fact in the drug…

…milligrams in acute psychotic agitation in younger patients, and tenths of a milligram in delirium in the elderly, where the lowest effective dose for the…

…Hydrokortison Takeda Plenadren Alkindi Nature-identical glucocorticoid with mineralocorticoid effect Endogenous cortisol in pharmaceutical form and accordingly the first choice when the intention is substitution…

…COX inhibitor, propionic acid derivative The first-line NSAID in Sweden and the one with the least cardiovascular risk at a low dose. A short…

…Rapid-acting insulin analogue The mealtime insulin in Swedish healthcare and simultaneously the insulin used for intravenous infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state…

…Sandoz Fosavance Aminobisphosphonate First-line agent for osteoporosis and the best-documented fracture-preventing treatment in primary care. Efficacy for vertebral and hip fractures is…

…tricyclic antidepressant that is rarely used for depression in contemporary practice — its role today is neuropathic pain and prophylaxis for migraine and chronic tension-type…

…Haemophilus influenzae in addition to pneumococci — and it is that difference from phenoxymethylpenicillin that determines its use. Amoxicillin is therefore not first-line for uncomplicated…

…Braun Calcium salt for intravenous membrane stabilisation and calcium supplementation First-line intervention in hyperkalaemia with ECG changes: calcium restores the margin between resting membrane…

…esterases in blood and tissue — the half-life is 5 minutes and the effect can be steered minute by minute. Selective for smooth muscle in…

…to four, so the concentration continues to rise for a week after initiation. That long tail is simultaneously the point in withdrawal treatment, where it…

…with good effect in musculoskeletal and postoperative pain, but with the most unfavourable cardiovascular profile in the class — the increase in risk for myocardial infarction…

…inhibitor A diabetes drug now used mostly for reasons other than glucose control. Empagliflozin reduced cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetes in EMPA-REG OUTCOME…

Vasotec IV ACE inhibitor for intravenous use The active metabolite of enalapril, given directly intravenously. Rarely used in hypertensive crisis: onset is slow, duration 8…

…unavailable — the effect arrives within ten minutes through hepatic glycogenolysis. In beta-blocker intoxication, glucagon is instead an inotrope that bypasses the blocked beta receptor…

…APL Concentrated carbohydrate solution for acute hypoglycaemia The first-line treatment for severe hypoglycaemia in a patient who cannot swallow and in whom intravenous access…

…Tikacillin Fenoximetylpenicillin EQL Pharma Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic The first-choice oral penicillin for the most common respiratory and skin infections in outpatient care…

…cardiac arrest treatment. The most clinically dangerous property is not pharmacological but practical: two concentrations with a tenfold difference are used in the same setting.

…antiarrhythmic Multi-channel blocker for oral and intravenous use with properties from classes I–IV. Extensive tissue distribution and a half-life measured in weeks —…

…Long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker A cornerstone drug for hypertension and stable angina, and the easiest calcium channel blocker to use: once-daily dosing…

…life, allowing it to be taken at any time of day unlike simvastatin. Muscle complaints are frequently reported but rarely confirmed in blinded re-challenge.

…the entire explanation for why the drug is ineffective in infranodal block. The effect comes within one minute and fades over an hour or so…

…suitable in cerebral oedema and cord compression where sodium retention is undesirable. The effect is not immediate — it requires hours and never replaces adrenaline in…

…most β₁-selective of the routinely used beta-blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and…

…mortality benefit in heart failure (CHARM), and the first choice when an ACE inhibitor must be switched due to cough. The target dose in heart…

…eliminated renally, so renal function governs treatment entirely. Dyspepsia affects one in ten patients and is the most common reason for discontinuation in clinical practice.

…and reduced mortality in chronic kidney disease with albuminuria, with or without diabetes. The dose is the same — 10 mg once daily — for all indications…

…is used for four entirely different indications with doses differing up to a hundredfold — antidiuretic substitution in central diabetes insipidus, symptom relief in nocturia and…

…and intravenous diltiazem require a named-patient licence. Verapamil or a beta-blocker is therefore the practical first choice for rate control in this setting.

…tone. Strong β₁ effect with marked β₂ effect means that stroke volume increases while systemic vascular resistance falls at low doses — good in the cold…

…the standard choice in pneumonia in penicillin-allergic patients and in atypical pneumonia, but the age limit of 8 years and pregnancy significantly restrict use.

…20–30 minutes after the infusion ends, it is useful in patients where beta-blockade is desirable but risky — impending heart failure, obstructive lung disease…

…alpha or beta effects, with onset within minutes and duration under one hour — theoretically attractive in hypertensive crisis with renal involvement, but without documented hard…

…α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels — but with a critical difference in kinetics: absorption occurs via a saturable amino acid transporter in the gut…

…with protamine within minutes. This is why unfractionated heparin is the first choice in severe renal failure, in the bleeding-prone patient, and when surgery…

…drug unsuitable as first-line treatment in hypertensive crisis — but useful in pre-eclampsia and as afterload relief in combination with a nitrate and beta…

…dabigatran binds to thrombin — in practice it never lets go. The effect is immediate and complete: unbound dabigatran in plasma falls by over 99 per…

…Available in two strengths, 100 units/ml and 300 units/ml, and the two are not the same medicine even though both are dosed in…

…ketamine the first choice for induction in the bleeding, septic, or otherwise preload-dependent patient, and the bronchodilation makes it valuable in life-threatening asthma…

…10 mmol per hour, in a central vein up to 20 mmol per hour, and at most 40 mmol per hour in life-threatening hypokalaemia…

Zyrlex Cetirizin Sandoz Cetirizin Teva Second-generation H₁-antihistamine First-line treatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and chronic urticaria — one tablet daily, available without prescription, with…

…identified, and the maximum dose has since been capped at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for patients over 65 years. In the elderly…

…but not pressure. Used where rate itself is the problem: bradycardia while awaiting pacing, bradycardia-dependent torsades de pointes, and electrical storm in Brugada syndrome.

…eftersom både biverkningsbörda och hämning av den egna kortisolaxeln är en funktion av kumulativ dos och tid. Bestäm utsättningsplanen redan när du sätter in preparatet.

…icke-bensodiazepin" säger något om molekylen, inget om risken. Den ska sättas in mot en definierad, tidsbegränsad sömnstörning med en planerad slutpunkt, inte som underhållsbehandling.