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Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…Complete Imaging Protocol). Nevertheless, there are obvious benefits of performing emergency bedside examinations, regardless of image quality. The ultrasound transducer is held at the tip…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

The ultrasound transducer

…principle of ultrasound imaging and echocardiography. Piezoelectric crystals The ultrasound waves are generated by ceramic crystals exhibiting piezoelectric properties (i.e piezoelectric crystals ). Thousands of…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina or…

A Novel Familial Cardiac Arrhythmia Syndrome Identified Using ECG

…Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by highlighting regions with reduced blood flow. Radiotracers for SPECT Technetium 99m (Sestamibi or…

Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET), coronary blood flow and flow reserve (CFR)

…flow. These imaging modalities are highly sensitive and specific in evaluating perfusion and also play a role in determining the viability of compromised myocardial tissue…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…one of the following: Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. New ischaemic ECG changes. New pathological Q waves. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or…

The Bernoulli principle and estimation of pressure gradients

…that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time; energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed or…

Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol

…obtained in each window. Some parameters, e.g left ventricular diameter, are evaluated in several views in order to assess the reliability and reproducibility of…

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