…encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast, hypertensive urgency describes severe hypertension without clinical evidence of acute…

…hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI…

…or even hypertensive because of compensatory mechanisms. Beck’s Triad The classical clinical triad consists of: Hypotension Jugular venous distension Muffled or absent heart sounds…

…imbalance, direct myocardial injury, systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated…

…pressure without organ involvement — lower it orally over days. Hypertensive emergency: raised pressure with acute organ damage (encephalopathy, pulmonary oedema, aortic dissection, acute renal failure…

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

…in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure…

…et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients with heart failure are at increased risk of decompensation if infected with COVID 19. Moreover…

…therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy…

…stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered established clinical CVD in the risk based approach to elevated BP. Risk categories…

…follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both…

…should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification…

…ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease). Structural heart disease, any…

…fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…or worsen ischaemia, including anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist…

…decompensated heart failure, shortness of breath is the cardinal symptom and may act as an ischaemic equivalent, though caution is advised in interpreting it without…

…HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease…

…A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and cerebral or visceral malperfusion. Type B disease…

…or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The…

…discomfort) HISTORY PARAMETER QUESTIONS COMMENTS Risk factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension…

…Spontaneous Echocardiographic Potential) Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus Prolapse of mitral valve Aortic stenosis with calcification Mitral disease with calcification Fibrin strands Giant Lambls excrescences…

…those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

…Bronchospasm. Caution • Avoided in hypertensive emergencies with left ventricular failure (due to negative inotropic effect). • Used cautiously in patients with asthma (due to risk of…

…four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a…

…onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Compared with patients with primary hypertension…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide …

…haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications…

…disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure…

…used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension…

…but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension…

…channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an…

…occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because…

…Crucially, contemporary definitions distinguish HFpEF from "Heart Failure with improved EF" (HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline LVEF ≤40% that has subsequently…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension, diabetes…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure, and uncontrolled arrhythmias. Pharmacologic stress agents have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole…

…pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…Causes of pulmonary regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension Endocarditis Myxoma Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization…

…functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction…

…or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is…

…factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus 1 Prior stroke or TIA 2 Vascular disease 1 Age 65…

…Additionally, LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on…

…heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension…

…BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease Heart failure Dyslipidemia (including high LDL…

…lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure…

…Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition…