…stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia or infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary oedema…

…diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore, the "obesity paradox"—whereby…

…efficacy as compared with nicardipine. Labetalol is safe in patients with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen…

…hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a…

…rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI…

…or even hypertensive because of compensatory mechanisms. Beck’s Triad The classical clinical triad consists of: Hypotension Jugular venous distension Muffled or absent heart sounds…

…imbalance, direct myocardial injury, systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated…

…gives a falsely high reading The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease…

…onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Compared with patients with primary hypertension…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide …

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart failure)…

…haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications…

…cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart…

…without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation…

…precapillary pulmonary vascular component. PAWP is used to distinguish pulmonary venous hypertension caused by left heart disease from pulmonary vascular disease. Although a PAWP of…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension…

…or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The…

…channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an…

…but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

…occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease may occur because…

…7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle…

…diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease…

…The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities produce breathlessness…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension, diabetes…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate Resting hypertension…

…pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure…

…transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. Heart failure is also considered established clinical CVD in the risk based approach to elevated BP. Risk categories…

…CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy…

…Causes of pulmonary regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension Endocarditis Myxoma Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization…

…functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…systolic dysfunction. Levels may also rise with: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Valvular heart disease Pulmonary hypertension Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction…

…or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is…

…factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus 1 Prior stroke or TIA 2 Vascular disease 1 Age 65…

…Additionally, LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on…

…follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both…

…heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension…

…BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease Heart failure Dyslipidemia (including high LDL…

…lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure…

…should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification…

…ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease). Structural heart disease, any…

…or worsen ischaemia, including anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist…

…discomfort) HISTORY PARAMETER QUESTIONS COMMENTS Risk factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension…

…as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response…

…anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal…

…dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent…

…PASIREOTIDE Arrhythmia wp most QT prolongation moderate TRIPTODUR TRIPTORELIN triptorelin Heart Damage ar less Hypertension mild VIVITROL NALTREXONE naltrexone Mixed ar less cardiac failure severe…

…Type B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite…

…within the heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…seen in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and severe valvular heart disease. Type 2 MI and non ischaemic myocardial injury may coexist, and certain disease entities can…