…conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and…

…Diabetes 120–130 70–79 Chronic kidney disease 130–139 70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70…

…Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor. Older age, female sex, atrial fibrillation (AF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease …

…factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF…

…cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment or risk categorization is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension…

…stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure…

…antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney disease. After approximately 70 years of age, isolated systolic hypertension accounts…

…Pulmonary hypertension Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and…

…Heart failure, acute or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 3.0–10.0 μg/kg/min + ++++ + +++++ Intermediate dose dopamine activates β1, releases noradrenaline and…

…with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease…

…structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall…

…left heart disease Group 3: PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic…

…disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events…

…uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification, physical activity, dietary and lifestyle measures, high intensity statin therapy, and…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart…

…exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy…

…cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium…

…cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium…

…while chronic myocardial injury may be seen in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and severe valvular heart disease. Type 2 MI and non ischaemic myocardial injury may…

…Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T in lead I…

…Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T in lead I…

…Type B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite…

…congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD…

…recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease …

…recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease (CAD) and coronary artery disease …

…or worsen ischaemia, including anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist…

…Chronic coronary dissection presenting as heart failure, although this is described as uncommon. In pregnancy associated ACS, STEMI is more frequent than NSTEMI, and up…

…as heat, humidity, altitude or wind. A gradual progression is particularly important in previously sedentary individuals and those with chronic disease. Increasing frequency and duration…

…EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL HIGH EMBOLIC POTENTIAL Atrial arrhythmias — especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of…

…and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore, the "obesity paradox"—whereby overweight and…

…and muffled heart sounds are important when present but are relatively insensitive findings. Some patients with subacute tamponade may initially remain normotensive or even hypertensive…

…with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension…

…with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension…

…onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Compared with patients with primary hypertension…

…however, incorporates overall cardiovascular risk, comorbidity and hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD), rather than relying exclusively on the office pressure value. Blood pressure terminology Systolic…

…with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension.

…Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe hyperkalemia. • Avoid in acute heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Enalaprilat doses and administration in hypertension.

…with nicardipine. Labetalol is safe in patients with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…not be given to pregnant women. • Should not be given to patients with Leber optic atrophy. Nitroprusside doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…Edema. Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea. Bronchospasm. AV block. Caution • Avoid in acute heart failure. • May cause bradycardia. Esmolol doses and administration in hypertension and tachycardia.

…Mycoardial ischemia. Perioperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Beta 1 adrenergic blocker. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Less…

…pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, often within days. However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability…

…is a paradoxical and worrisome trend, particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed…

…is a paradoxical and worrisome trend, particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed…

…therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65 mmHg in shock; higher in known hypertension…