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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…Before investigating secondary causes, pseudo resistance must be excluded. This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

… Increased risk of stroke; Increased risk of end stage renal disease; Increased mortality; and A higher probability of secondary hypertension. Patients may also have comorbid…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…initiation of renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to either the primary or secondary outcomes…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). After entering target cells, it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…and can last for years. ACE Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor therapy occurs in approximately 1% of patients. It manifests as localized…

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Outcomes

…and other bioactive compounds from nuts; and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension…

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…hypotension is present, or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical examination Standardized office measurement Accurate technique is essential because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification…

The Cardiac Electrical Axis: ECG Criteria, Definition, Clinical Implications

…on the provided context, the primary etiologies for axis deviations include: Causes of Right Axis Deviation: Pulmonary hypertension (primary or secondary) [9, 16] Severe pulmonary…

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