Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…pressure gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure…

…min Safe for peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO…

…min Safe for peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO…

…with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as the CVP predict fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure…

…Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of…

…status and may be estimated with echocardiography. The PASP is an independent predictor of survival and for elevated left ventricular filling pressures (Lam et al…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and…

…the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce…

…Thus, the initial flow (ventricular filling) is propelled by the pressure gradient between the atrium and the ventricle. The amplitude and form of the E…

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…pressure gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure…

…wave . As blood flows into the left ventricle, the pressure gradient between the left atrium and the ventricle diminishes, and the passive filling subsides. The…

…contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 PHT (pressure half time) CW doppler 500 200 500 < 200 Diastolic flow reversal…

…0 cm² Mean gradient < 5 mmHg 5 10 mmHg 10 mmHg Additional parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Pulmonary artery pressure <30 30…

…with severe resting gradient Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate Resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures…

…is associated with increased arrhythmic risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and…

…chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute…

…Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe…

…gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease, a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg…

…PH₂O) − PaCO₂/R R ≈ 0.8 A–a gradient PAO₂ − PaO₂ < 2 kPa in the young; it increases with age Anion gap Na − (Cl …

…pO₂, A–a gradient or PaO₂/FiO₂ Arterial blood gas COHb or MetHb Arterial or venous sample with co oximetry Follow up of pH in…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated…

…or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe…

…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia…

…that the velocity of blood is inversely related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa …