Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…pressure gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure…

Info Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

Cardiology Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

…a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as the CVP predict fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure variation…

…in the parasternal short axis view. Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid…

…mean pressure gradient is calculated using continuous wave (CW) doppler placed along the pulmonary valve in the parasternal short axis view (PSAX). The gradient is…

…in pronounced stenosis. Mean pressure gradient 5.0 mmHg suggests a clinically significant stenosis. Tricuspid stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes…

…Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5…

…the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce…

…Thus, the initial flow (ventricular filling) is propelled by the pressure gradient between the atrium and the ventricle. The amplitude and form of the E…

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

…flow; HG = high gradient; LG = low gradient. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically…

…pressure gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure…

…wave . As blood flows into the left ventricle, the pressure gradient between the left atrium and the ventricle diminishes, and the passive filling subsides. The…

…contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 PHT (pressure half time) CW doppler 500 200 500 < 200 Diastolic flow reversal…

…0 cm² Mean gradient < 5 mmHg 5 10 mmHg 10 mmHg Additional parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Pulmonary artery pressure <30 30…

…severe resting gradient Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate Resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures 200…

…atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is…

…dangerous than a corresponding stable chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol…

…is a warning sign of impending overcorrection. Grading Hyponatraemia is defined as a plasma sodium below 135 mmol/L. The biochemical grade alone does not…

…a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT) Troponin Management : : : : : High Unstable Yes Often raised Reperfusion, intensive…

…mmHg) Alveolar gas equation PAO₂ = FiO₂ × (Patm − PH₂O) − PaCO₂/R R ≈ 0.8 A–a gradient PAO₂ − PaO₂ < 2 kPa in the young…

…pO₂, A–a gradient or PaO₂/FiO₂ Arterial blood gas COHb or MetHb Arterial or venous sample with co oximetry Follow up of pH in…

…stenosis Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Peak velocity (m/s) < 3 43528 4 Peak gradient (mmHg) < 36 36 64 64 References 1…

…a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every criterion…

…not the grading label. The first minute 1. Stop the exposure if this can be done immediately. Stop a suspected drug infusion or contrast medium…

…are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease at a rate of 0.1°C/min during the cooling process. Malignant hyperthermia…

…brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2…

…RVOT (Right Ventricular Outflow Tract). The measurements are made at the aortic valve plane in the parasternal short axis view. SV tricuspid = Area RVOT…