…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…PH₂O) − PaCO₂/R R ≈ 0.8 A–a gradient PAO₂ − PaO₂ < 2 kPa in the young; it increases with age Anion gap Na − (Cl …

…warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve…

…abnormalities from chronic baseline findings, but comparison with an earlier tracing must not delay treatment when acute coronary occlusion is suspected. Standard ECG pattern suggesting…

…Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not explained simply by their effects on…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of…

…the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial sample [3]. Venous pH is on average…

… severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of ventricular fibrosis…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S…

…0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S…

…Thus, the initial flow (ventricular filling) is propelled by the pressure gradient between the atrium and the ventricle. The amplitude and form of the E…

…stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…ventricular myocardium must relax rapidly during diastole, such that the ventricle can expand (relax) and refill with blood. Although diastole may appear as a simple…

Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration…

…The grade can change within minutes. Treat the current physiological threat, not the grading label. The first minute 1. Stop the exposure if this can…

…chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute…

…immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise…

…A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT) Troponin Management : : : : : High Unstable…

…Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In…

…that the velocity of blood is inversely related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa …