…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…PH₂O) − PaCO₂/R R ≈ 0.8 A–a gradient PAO₂ − PaO₂ < 2 kPa in the young; it increases with age Anion gap Na − (Cl …

…warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve…

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

…the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of…

…the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…pO₂, A–a gradient or PaO₂/FiO₂ Arterial blood gas COHb or MetHb Arterial or venous sample with co oximetry Follow up of pH in…

… severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of ventricular fibrosis…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…Thus, the initial flow (ventricular filling) is propelled by the pressure gradient between the atrium and the ventricle. The amplitude and form of the E…

…stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent…

…ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is…

…contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming the aortic resistance, which is typically 110 mmHg or more…

Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated…

…or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe…

…chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute…

… 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia…

…that the velocity of blood is inversely related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa …