CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

…low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without…

…alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of…

…electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce coupled sodium and glucose loss in approximately a 1:1 stoichiometric relationship. The resulting glucosuria and natriuresis…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…in the parasternal short axis view. Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid…

…the pressure gradient across the valve (ΔP) from right intraventricular pressure. The systolic PA pressure is an indicator of cardiac hemodynamic status and may…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…or a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis if the pCO₂ is not low enough High Low Normal or low Respiratory alkalosis High High High Metabolic…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias…

…vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…valve and passive flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. Thus, the initial flow (ventricular filling) is propelled by the pressure gradient between…

…whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased vessel, is viable and could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of revascularization : Myocardial perfusion imaging…

…vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect. Increases coronary blood flow…

…Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming the aortic resistance…

Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not…

…treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced resuscitation in a monitored setting The grade can change within minutes. Treat the current physiological threat, not the grading label…

…The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may…

…24 and 48 hours. 7. Start a fluid balance chart and hourly urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending overcorrection. Grading Hyponatraemia…

…trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT…

…coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S…

…Out As previously discussed, stroke volume is usually calculated by measuring area and VTI (velocity time integral) in the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). However…