…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…against the predicted value for sex, age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal…

…low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without…

…alters the resting membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…choice for diagnosing pulmonary regurgitation. Continuous Doppler through the pulmonary valve reveals regurgitant blood flow in the parasternal short axis view. Pressure gradient and pressure…

…the pressure gradient across the valve (ΔP) from right intraventricular pressure. The systolic PA pressure is an indicator of cardiac hemodynamic status and may…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…slightly lower than arterial pH. Agreement is usually good for pH and reasonable for bicarbonate and base excess, but considerably poorer for pCO₂ and entirely…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias…

…outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended methods evaluate left atrial and left ventricular…

…or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors, should be avoided for at least 12 hours before testing. Dobutamine : Contraindicated…

…outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU…

…flows into the left ventricle, the pressure gradient between the left atrium and the ventricle diminishes, and the passive filling subsides. The greater the ventricular…

…be rewritten: Formula 6: ΔP = 4(v 2 2 – v 1 2 ) This formula is excellent for measuring pressure gradients across small openings…

…in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not…

…for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and…

…body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact…

…urine osmolality and urine sodium before treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete work up of the…

…noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid volumes worsen an already strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary…

…coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S…

…stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses, is the opening area