…taking four or more antihypertensive agents. Possible clinical settings suggesting PA include: Grade 2 or 3 hypertension Resistant hypertension Sustained blood pressure above 150/100…

…adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly in women. For European populations, waist circumference above 94 cm in men or 80…

…ketones ≥ 2+ if blood ketones are unavailable Blood ketones < 3.0 mmol/L Acid–base Venous pH < 7.3 and/or bicarbonate <…

…Chest pain rated as 6 or above (according to the 10 point scale) should prompt termination of the stress test (refer to Termination criteria during…

…filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2…

…129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89 Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 90–99 Grade 2 hypertension…

…lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the higher ones [5]. For acute clinical use the following simplification can be used: Grade…

…stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit the clinical picture. 4…

…in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not…

…of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive…

…failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a PaCO₂ 6…

…liver") or acute viral hepatitis. The three are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately…

…constant and the P wave is positive in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia, SA block, sinus arrest, sick sinus syndrome, second degree or…

All patients with NSTE ACS (NSTEMI or unstable angina) are treated similarly with respect to anti ischemic and anti thrombotic drugs. Management must, however, be…

…descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction can lead to rapid hemodynamic deterioration, cardiogenic shock, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac…

…with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa . Figure 1. The principle of continuity (the continuity equation) . Figure 2. The principle of continuity (the…

…be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has…

…limb may already be unsalvageable. Clinical categories ALI is classified according to neurological findings, Doppler signals and the likelihood of limb salvage. Grade Category Sen

…and/or ≥10 mmHg in DBP at 1 or 3 minutes after standing, following 5 minutes seated or supine. White coat hypertension: office pressure above…

…discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and…

…to the equations above, it may actually be anywhere between 140 and 180 beats per minute. Patients with significant heart disease (known or unknown) may…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…