…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 — — Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 — — Overweight 25.0–29.9 — Increased Obesity…

[calc_mdrd] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1…

Cardiology Definition and Pathophysiology Resistant hypertension is a clinical indicator rather than a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive…

…which further enhances the effects of angiotensin suppression. In the context of chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors slow the rate of decline of kidney function…

…for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing…

…in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3…

…disease are particularly susceptible. The risk is also greater when several predisposing factors coexist, rather than being determined by contrast exposure in isolation. Estimated glomerular…

…approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension…

…failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest…

…creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and urine output Creatinine is a late marker of function and may rise only after a substantial fall in glomerular filtration…

…individuals. Similarly, subjects with severely reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have up to 3 fold higher troponin levels, as compared with individuals with normal GFR…