…dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass…

…chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors slow the rate of decline of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure…

…glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in…

…75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases in an approximately linear manner. At an eGFR of 15 mL…

…diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m², an adequately up titrated loop…

…disease are particularly susceptible. The risk is also greater when several predisposing factors coexist, rather than being determined by contrast exposure in isolation. Estimated glomerular…

…and glycolytic activity in relevant renal and cardiovascular cells. These cellular mechanisms remain proposed explanations for observed clinical effects. Cardiovascular and renal disease associations Diabetes…

…factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30…

[calc_mdrd] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and…

…in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and urine output Creatinine is a late marker of function and may rise only after a substantial fall in glomerular…

…levels are up to 3 fold higher in healthy elderly compared with healthy young individuals. Similarly, subjects with severely reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have…