…etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less…

…and programming. The simplest pacemaker systems consist of a pulse generator and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right…

…and thus generate an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial pacemaker Pacemakers consist of an implantable pulse generator (IPG…

…dependent patients, patients with CRT, and ICD recipients undergoing procedures likely to generate EMI. Assess pacing dependence Determining pacing dependence is central to planning. If…

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

Echocardiography The ultrasound transducer & piezoelectric crystals The ultrasound transducer generates ultrasound (ultrasonic) waves. The transducer is held with one hand and its position and angle…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays…

…EAT, or atrial tachycardia) arises when an ectopic focus within the atria generates electrical impulses at a rate exceeding that of the sinoatrial (SA) node…

…fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium. These vibrations continue to…