…coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography provides only an imperfect estimate of functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

Conduction defects ECG Left bundle branch block (LBBB) Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB)…

…Index Mechanism Advantages Limitations Key evidence Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine…

…defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch…

…biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden. Although older adults are often defined chronologically, age thresholds are intrinsically arbitrary…

…rehabilitation aims to: Restore and improve functional capacity Reduce disability and rehospitalization Improve quality of life and self efficacy Address modifiable cardiovascular risk factors Support…