…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

Echocardiography Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD) Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is considered a genetic cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the right ventricle. ARVC…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…causes immense strain on the ventricular myocardium, simultaneously as the cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results in electrical instability which explains…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography provides only an imperfect estimate of functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

Conduction defects ECG Left bundle branch block (LBBB) Left bundle branch block (LBBB) results from anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB)…

…Index Mechanism Advantages Limitations Key evidence Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine…