…circumstances) the P wave vector is directed downwards and to the left in the frontal plane and this yields a positive P wave in lead…

…cardiac cycle as depolarization and repolarization progress [3]. The mean electrical axis is typically calculated for ventricular activation in the frontal plane using the hexaxial…

…limb leads in the frontal plane. This format of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the…