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Pulmonary stenosis

…pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology…

Lung function and respiration

…z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth percentile) has been recommended in preference to fixed percentage thresholds…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…C reduction versus placebo Monotherapy 23% Added to background statin therapy 18% Fixed dose combination with ezetimibe 38% Pooled analyses across different background therapies 17…

Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…an apparent angiographic narrowing. The narrowing generally improves or disappears during diastole, distinguishing myocardial bridging from a fixed coronary stenosis. However, intravascular ultrasound has shown…

Left Ventricular Thrombus After Myocardial Infarction

…ventricular tachyarrhythmia—rather than embolization itself. A thrombus may be: Mural: flattened, fixed, and closely adherent to the endocardial surface. Protruding or mobile: extending into…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…wall motion abnormality (RWMA) during stress. A fixed abnormality that remains unchanged with stress generally indicates previous infarction. Extensive ischaemia may produce a reduction in…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving reduced myocardial perfusion include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm…

What is the difference between cardioversion and defibrillation for arrhythmias?

…the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low escalating energy protocols. Note that while cardioversion restores sinus rhythm…

M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…line. Moreover, the ultrasound line is fixed to the tip of the transducer, frequently making it difficult to obtain representative sections of structures of interest…

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