…of patients with metabolic syndrome. A substantial proportion develop metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, which has a more prominent inflammatory component and may progress to cirrhosis…

…synthetic function of the liver are the prothrombin time (INR) , the albumin and the bilirubin — and they become abnormal late. A cirrhotic liver can have…

…that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause ventricular fibrosis, thereby increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with bradycardia or…

…node and the atrium). All these conditions have been discussed in detail in the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of…

…several overlapping processes: Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic…

…delivery and beta hydroxybutyrate oxidation Reduced sodium hydrogen exchanger subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin…

…and altered cardiomyocyte relaxation. Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis have been described in HFpEF, while nitrosative stress and abnormalities of cellular and molecular myocardial…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis…

…functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), hyperaemic…