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Opioid therapy in severe pain

…slowly over at least a minute; a rapid injection causes nausea and a fall in blood pressure without better analgesia. Flush the cannula before and…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to make it "simple" can provide a quick entry point but fail to delve into the crucial…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents…

Ventricular Tachycardia

…Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia …

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes after the hypoxia is relieved. However, full recovery of contractility…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in…

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