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Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

… or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria…

Ventricular Tachycardia

…by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy…

The 3-phase model of sudden cardiac arrest

CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…intravenous beta blocker Digoxin In heart failure or hypotension, or as an add on Slow onset. Dose reduction in renal failure and in old age…

Warfarin therapy

…slow CYP2C9 metabolism. 4. Take the INR on day 3. The dose that day is determined by the value: below 1.5 means the full…

Common laboratory tests

…Comment : : : Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…world: What is the best ECG book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions…

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