Renitec Enalapril Sandoz ACE inhibitor Prodrug hydrolysed to enalaprilat. Reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing…

Brevibloc Ultra-short-acting β₁-selective blocker The beta-blocker to choose when reversibility matters. With a half-life of 9 minutes and the effect…

…in heart failure (CHARM), and the first choice when an ACE inhibitor must be switched due to cough. The target dose in heart failure is…

…be neutralised completely with protamine within minutes. This is why unfractionated heparin is the first choice in severe renal failure, in the bleeding-prone patient…

…determines its use. Amoxicillin is therefore not first-line for uncomplicated acute otitis media — that role belongs to phenoxymethylpenicillin — but for treatment failure, recurrent otitis…

…cornerstone drug for hypertension and stable angina, and the easiest calcium channel blocker to use: once-daily dosing, a half-life of almost two days…

…blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and elimination is equally shared between liver and kidney…

…reduced heart failure events regardless of ejection fraction in EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, and slowed renal function decline down to eGFR 20 in EMPA…

…curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal failure the threshold dose must be raised to achieve any effect at all.

…extends well beyond the diabetes indication. DAPA-HF demonstrated reduced cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, DELIVER showed equivalent benefit with…

…and heart failure resembles that of selective COX-2 inhibitors and is seen already at doses below 100 mg/day and with short treatment duration…

…symptomatic patient with HFrEF who remains above 70 beats per minute despite maximally tolerated beta-blockade, where SHIFT demonstrated reduced risk of heart failure hospitalisation.