…works only in sinus rhythm: in atrial fibrillation the rate control sits in the AV node and ivabradine is ineffective. Its place in treatment is…

…Reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing is more often than adverse effects the reason for…

…in the loop of Henle. The dose–response relationship is a threshold curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal failure…

…role belongs to phenoxymethylpenicillin — but for treatment failure, recurrent otitis, otitis with concurrent purulent conjunctivitis, and as a suspension alternative in pneumonia in young children…

…cardiovascular profile in the class — the increase in risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure resembles that of selective COX-2 inhibitors and is…

…reduced heart failure events regardless of ejection fraction in EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, and slowed renal function decline down to eGFR 20 in EMPA…

…is why unfractionated heparin is the first choice in severe renal failure, in the bleeding-prone patient, and when surgery or thrombolysis may become necessary…

…adjustment in renal impairment. Unlike verapamil and diltiazem, amlodipine has no clinically significant negative inotropic effect and can therefore be used in heart failure with…

…blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and elimination is equally shared between liver and kidney…

…benefit in heart failure (CHARM), and the first choice when an ACE inhibitor must be switched due to cough. The target dose in heart failure…

…reduced cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, DELIVER showed equivalent benefit with preserved and mildly reduced EF, and DAPA-CKD demonstrated…

…half-life of 9 minutes and the effect gone 20–30 minutes after the infusion ends, it is useful in patients where beta-blockade is…