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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…several factors, such as image quality, vegetation localization, echogenicity and size, presence of valve prostheses, and the habit of the investigator. As with the clinical…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment. Lifestyle intervention is…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…The sample volume (SV) should be placed between the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…called parasternal long axis view (PLAX). Structures that are closest to the transducer are placed at the top of the image. RV = right ventricle…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…the course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is modified by several factors. The most important of these, and their implications, are as follows: The size…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…one of the strongest independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk rises progressively as kidney function declines and as albuminuria…

Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest

…which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death in…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…Go AS, Chang Y, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of conventional factors…

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